School
Leadership as an Organization: 100 Multiple-Choice Exam Questions
Based on CPD-DESL Module 2
(5th Edition, March 2023)
UNIT 1: GROUP DYNAMICS (Questions 1-20)
1. Which of the
following is NOT a key characteristic of a group?
·
A) People see themselves as members
·
B) There are two or more people involved
·
C) Members have identical personality traits
·
D) There is interaction among members with a shared goal
·
Correct answer: C
2. What percentage
increase in range do geese achieve by flying in a V-formation compared to
flying alone?
·
A) 50 percent
·
B) 71 percent
·
C) 85 percent
·
D) 100 percent
·
Correct answer: B
3. In group
development, which stage is characterized by uncertainty, confusion, and low
productivity?
·
A) Forming
·
B) Storming
·
C) Norming
·
D) Performing
·
Correct answer: A
4. During which
stage of group development do members experience conflict and disagreement
about goals and tasks?
·
A) Forming
·
B) Storming
·
C) Norming
·
D) Adjourning
·
Correct answer: B
5. The stage where
the "I" is replaced by "We" and members collaborate for the
good of the team is called:
·
A) Forming
·
B) Storming
·
C) Norming
·
D) Performing
·
Correct answer: C
6. Effective
cooperation requires a balance between which two elements?
·
A) Leadership and followership
·
B) Planning and execution
·
C) Connectedness and autonomy
·
D) Teaching and learning
·
Correct answer: C
7. How many key
roles can people adopt within a group or team according to the Belbin Team Role
model?
·
A) 7
·
B) 8
·
C) 9
·
D) 10
·
Correct answer: C
8. The three
categories of Belbin team roles are:
·
A) Leaders, followers, and managers
·
B) Thinking, doing (action), and people (relations)
·
C) Planning, executing, and evaluating
·
D) Teaching, learning, and assessing
·
Correct answer: B
9. Which stage was
added later to Tuckman's original four stages of group development?
·
A) Norming
·
B) Storming
·
C) Adjourning
·
D) Performing
·
Correct answer: C
10. During the
initial stage of group formation, the leader's role is best described as:
·
A) Observer
·
B) Guide
·
C) Facilitator
·
D) Rewarder
·
Correct answer: B
11. During the
conflict stage of group development, the leader should act as a:
·
A) Guide
·
B) Facilitator
·
C) Participant
·
D) Observer
·
Correct answer: B
12. What is
"group think" as described in group dynamics literature?
·
A) Creative problem-solving as a group
·
B) Individual opinions suppressed as members adapt to the
dominant opinion
·
C) Democratic decision-making process
·
D) Conflict resolution strategy
·
Correct answer: B
13. Too much
autonomy in a group leads to:
·
A) Enhanced collaboration
·
B) Isolation
·
C) Group think
·
D) Avoidance
·
Correct answer: B
14. Too much
connectedness in a group leads to:
·
A) Enhanced creativity
·
B) Isolation
·
C) Adaptation and group think
·
D) Healthy conflict
·
Correct answer: C
15. At the most
productive stage of group development, the leader's role is best described as:
·
A) Guide
·
B) Facilitator
·
C) Participant
·
D) Observer
·
Correct answer: D
16. At the final
stage of a team's work together, the leader should act as a:
·
A) Guide
·
B) Facilitator
·
C) Participant
·
D) Rewarder
·
Correct answer: D
17. Productive
teams are a key condition for:
·
A) High performance in each standard of effective school
leadership
·
B) Reducing school budget
·
C) Increasing student enrollment
·
D) Building more classrooms
·
Correct answer: A
18. What determines
the length of the initial stage of group formation?
·
A) The number of group members
·
B) The budget available
·
C) The ability of members to work in a team and project clarity
·
D) The physical workspace available
·
Correct answer: C
19. "Personal
contact (affection)" is most important during which stage of group development?
·
A) Forming
·
B) Storming
·
C) Norming
·
D) Performing
·
Correct answer: D
20. Low
connectedness AND low autonomy in a group leads to:
·
A) Isolation
·
B) Group think
·
C) Avoidance
·
D) High productivity
·
Correct answer: C
UNIT 2: LEADING CHANGE
(Questions 21-45)
21. Which metaphor
best describes how change actually happens in organizations?
·
A) An egg cracking suddenly
·
B) A flywheel turning gradually
·
C) A lightning strike
·
D) A dam breaking
·
Correct answer: B
22. The phrase
"Change happens by degree, not by decree" emphasizes that:
·
A) Change must be mandated from top leadership
·
B) Teachers' willingness and decisive power should not be
underestimated
·
C) Change happens overnight
·
D) Only policymakers can create change
·
Correct answer: B
23. Lower-order
changes are responses to:
·
A) Complex emotional challenges
·
B) Technical problems
·
C) Cultural transformation
·
D) Value system changes
·
Correct answer: B
24. Higher-order
changes require:
·
A) Only new equipment
·
B) Changing beliefs, perspectives, and learning new skills
·
C) A blueprint approach
·
D) External consultants only
·
Correct answer: B
25. Which of the
following is considered a "good driver" for change?
·
A) Technology alone
·
B) Accountability as punishment
·
C) Capacity development
·
D) Individualistic solutions
·
Correct answer: C
26. Which is
considered a "bad driver" for change?
·
A) Collaboration among staff
·
B) Pedagogy focus
·
C) Fragmentation
·
D) System-ness of change
·
Correct answer: C
27. The framework
for studying the adoption of educational innovations that identifies stages of
concern is called:
·
A) Fullan's Change Model
·
B) Concern-Based Adoption Model (CBAM)
·
C) Tuckman's Group Model
·
D) Belbin's Team Role Model
·
Correct answer: B
28. At the initial
awareness stage of innovation adoption, people typically have:
·
A) Desire to know more about innovation
·
B) No concern about the innovation at all
·
C) Focus on how it affects students
·
D) Focus on collaboration
·
Correct answer: B
29. When a teacher
asks "In what way does the implementation affect me?" they are at
which stage of concern?
·
A) Awareness stage
·
B) Information stage
·
C) Person stage
·
D) Consequence stage
·
Correct answer: C
30. When teachers
focus on how an innovation affects students, they are at the:
·
A) Management stage
·
B) Collaboration stage
·
C) Consequence stage
·
D) Refocusing stage
·
Correct answer: C
31. What is the
recommended balance between routine and change in an organization?
·
A) 50% routine / 50% change
·
B) 70% routine / 30% change
·
C) 85% routine / 15% change
·
D) 95% routine / 5% change
·
Correct answer: C
32. What percentage
of a group are classified as "Innovators" in the diffusion of
innovations theory?
·
A) 5%
·
B) 8%
·
C) 17%
·
D) 29%
·
Correct answer: B
33. Which group
forms the largest segment in the adoption of innovations?
·
A) Innovators and Leaders
·
B) Early followers and Late followers (29% each)
·
C) Rejecters only
·
D) Leaders only
·
Correct answer: B
34. In the Iceberg
metaphor for resistance, what percentage of resistance is visible "above
water"?
·
A) 5%
·
B) 10%
·
C) 25%
·
D) 50%
·
Correct answer: B
35. Which of the
following is an example of "active and visible" resistance?
·
A) Sabotage
·
B) Absenteeism
·
C) Discussing and delaying ("yes, but...")
·
D) Lip-service
·
Correct answer: C
36. Which of the
following is an example of "passive and invisible" resistance?
·
A) Attack
·
B) Absenteeism
·
C) Sabotage
·
D) Saying you support change without believing it (lip-service)
·
Correct answer: D
37. Every
resistance to change has:
·
A) A positive intention
·
B) A destructive purpose
·
C) No value
·
D) Only negative consequences
·
Correct answer: A
38. The Johari
Window was developed to help people understand:
·
A) Group dynamics
·
B) Themselves and their relationships with others
·
C) Financial management
·
D) Time management
·
Correct answer: B
39. The best way to
deal with resistance is first to:
·
A) Punish resistant staff
·
B) Ignore the resistance
·
C) Accept that resistance will occur and understand its reasons
·
D) Replace resistant staff
·
Correct answer: C
40. The TIG Model
(Task-Individual-Group) categorizes reasons for resistance as either:
·
A) Active or passive
·
B) Visible or invisible
·
C) Internal or external
·
D) Rational or emotional
·
Correct answer: C
41. When
introducing change, school leaders should focus their energy on:
·
A) Getting the majority on board
·
B) Convincing the rejecters
·
C) Working only with innovators
·
D) Ignoring everyone
·
Correct answer: A
42. The four phases
of change management in correct order are:
·
A) Implement, Plan, Sustain, Initiate
·
B) Prepare, Initiate, Implement, Sustain
·
C) Plan, Execute, Review, Repeat
·
D) Assess, Design, Build, Test
·
Correct answer: B
43. "Social
capital" in a school refers to:
·
A) Financial resources
·
B) Physical infrastructure
·
C) The quality and quantity of interactions and relationships
among people
·
D) Technology equipment
·
Correct answer: C
44. The
"gatekeeper function" of school leaders means they:
·
A) Control all school finances
·
B) Select innovations, interpret them, and introduce them in the
school
·
C) Hire and fire all staff
·
D) Manage only physical resources
·
Correct answer: B
45. Technology
becomes a "wrong driver" for change when:
·
A) It improves pedagogy
·
B) People are blinded by it and fail to critically reflect on
the change process
·
C) It helps teachers
·
D) It engages students
·
Correct answer: B
UNIT 3: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
(Questions 46-60)
46. The "Three
E's" of financial management are:
·
A) Economy, Equality, Effectiveness
·
B) Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness
·
C) Economy, Equity, Efficiency
·
D) Economy, Expenditure, Equity
·
Correct answer: B
47. "Economy"
in financial management means:
·
A) Maximum results with minimum resources
·
B) Careful use of resources (e.g., repairing rather than buying
new)
·
C) Fullest possible achievement of objectives
·
D) Increasing revenue at any cost
·
Correct answer: B
48. "Efficiency"
in financial management means:
·
A) Careful use of resources
·
B) Minimum use of resources to achieve maximum results
·
C) Fullest achievement of objectives
·
D) Reducing all expenditures
·
Correct answer: B
49. How often must
the School Audit Committee (SAC) meet?
·
A) Once a term
·
B) Twice a quarter and whenever necessary
·
C) Once a year
·
D) Every month only
·
Correct answer: B
50. What is the
term of office for School Audit Committee members?
·
A) One year, renewable once
·
B) Two years, renewable once
·
C) Three years, renewable twice
·
D) Five years, not renewable
·
Correct answer: B
51. In Rwanda, what
is the threshold above which a public entity must issue a tender notice?
·
A) RWF 50,000
·
B) RWF 100,000
·
C) RWF 500,000
·
D) RWF 1,000,000
·
Correct answer: B
52. For works
valued above RWF 1 million, what must the procuring entity do?
·
A) Only use local suppliers
·
B) Advertise the tender in at least one newspaper and on the
Internet
·
C) Avoid competitive bidding
·
D) Use only government suppliers
·
Correct answer: B
53. Which of the
following is NOT a principle governing public procurement?
·
A) Transparency
·
B) Competition
·
C) Secrecy
·
D) Accountability
·
Correct answer: C
54. What is the
useful life for computer equipment for depreciation purposes?
·
A) 5 years
·
B) 4 years
·
C) 3 years
·
D) 7 years
·
Correct answer: C
55. What is the
useful life for buildings for depreciation purposes?
·
A) 20 years
·
B) 40 years
·
C) 50 years
·
D) 30 years
·
Correct answer: B
56. How must all
public procurement be conducted in Rwanda?
·
A) Paper-based tenders only
·
B) The e-procurement system through the e-procurement portal
·
C) Direct negotiation only
·
D) International suppliers only
·
Correct answer: B
57. To whom do the
School General Assembly Committee and Audit Committee report?
·
A) The Headteacher only
·
B) The General Assembly of the school
·
C) The District Office
·
D) REB directly
·
Correct answer: B
58. When should a
receipt be provided for funds received?
·
A) Large transactions only
·
B) All funds received
·
C) Donations only
·
D) Government grants only
·
Correct answer: B
59. The
"separation of duties" principle in school accounting requires:
·
A) One signature on each cheque
·
B) Two signatures on each cheque
·
C) Three signatures on each cheque
·
D) No signatures required
·
Correct answer: B
60. Which of the
following is a characteristic of successful fundraising strategies?
·
A) Single source of funds
·
B) Broad participation and diversification
·
C) Secrecy in operations
·
D) Limited stakeholder involvement
·
Correct answer: B
UNIT 4: HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT (Questions 61-75)
61. The AMO theory
of performance stands for:
·
A) Assessment, Monitoring, Outcomes
·
B) Ability, Motivation, Opportunity
·
C) Action, Management, Organization
·
D) Attitude, Morale, Output
·
Correct answer: B
62. According to
Herzberg's Motivation Theory, "hygiene factors" are:
·
A) Factors that directly motivate staff
·
B) Conditions that demotivate staff if not in place, but do not
motivate when present
·
C) Intrinsic motivators only
·
D) Factors related to recognition only
·
Correct answer: B
63. According to
Herzberg, which of the following is a "motivator"?
·
A) Salary
·
B) Teaching materials
·
C) Recognition and possibilities for growth
·
D) Enough time to prepare
·
Correct answer: C
64. The
Self-Determination Theory identifies four factors that impact intrinsic
motivation: Relatedness, Autonomy, Sense of Purpose, and:
·
A) Money
·
B) Recognition
·
C) Mastery
·
D) Promotion
·
Correct answer: C
65. In Rwanda,
annual performance contracts are known as:
·
A) Umuganda
·
B) Imihigo
·
C) Ubudehe
·
D) Gacaca
·
Correct answer: B
66. Extrinsic
motivation means:
·
A) Motivation from within the person
·
B) Motivation coming from outside the person (external reward)
·
C) No motivation at all
·
D) Group motivation
·
Correct answer: B
67. Intrinsic
motivation means:
·
A) Motivation from external rewards
·
B) Motivation from within because the task is personally
rewarding
·
C) Motivation from punishment
·
D) Motivation from peer pressure
·
Correct answer: B
68. Which of the following
is an example of a hygiene factor in a school?
·
A) Recognition for good work
·
B) Challenging work assignments
·
C) Well-equipped classrooms with appropriate class size
·
D) Opportunities for growth
·
Correct answer: C
69. Achieving high
educational standards is only possible through:
·
A) Modern buildings
·
B) Competent and motivated teachers
·
C) Advanced technology
·
D) Large budgets
·
Correct answer: B
70. Which of the
following is NOT a main aim of Human Resource Management?
·
A) Organizational effectiveness and efficiency
·
B) Human capital management
·
C) Reward management
·
D) Maximizing profits
·
Correct answer: D
71. Performance
contracts (Imihigo) measure success against:
·
A) Personal goals only
·
B) Performance indicators (governance, economic, and social
indicators)
·
C) International standards
·
D) Teacher satisfaction only
·
Correct answer: B
72. In
decentralized educational systems, a school leader's role in staff recruitment
includes:
·
A) Making all hiring decisions alone
·
B) Institutionalizing sound policies affecting recruitment,
selection, and performance
·
C) Only firing staff
·
D) Outsourcing all recruitment
·
Correct answer: B
73. According to
Self-Determination Theory, autonomy for teachers means:
·
A) Working in isolation
·
B) Having freedom to organize one's work
·
C) No supervision at all
·
D) Individual teaching only
·
Correct answer: B
74. "Relatedness"
in Self-Determination Theory refers to:
·
A) Competition among teachers
·
B) Working together with colleagues
·
C) Individual achievement
·
D) Salary increases
·
Correct answer: B
75. Staff
performance appraisal is a process whereby school leaders:
·
A) Only criticize staff
·
B) Measure each team member's contribution against agreed
standards and objectives
·
C) Replace all staff annually
·
D) Ignore staff performance
·
Correct answer: B
UNIT 5: MANAGEMENT OF
PHYSICAL RESOURCES (Questions 76-85)
76. Physical
resources are classified into four types: land, buildings, machinery and
equipment, and:
·
A) Technology
·
B) Furniture and teaching resources
·
C) Vehicles
·
D) Sports equipment
·
Correct answer: B
77. Which type of
maintenance involves waiting until equipment fails before repairing it?
·
A) Preventive maintenance
·
B) Routine maintenance
·
C) Emergency maintenance
·
D) Scheduled maintenance
·
Correct answer: C
78. Which type of
maintenance involves periodically inspecting and servicing equipment to prevent
breakdowns?
·
A) Emergency maintenance
·
B) Routine maintenance
·
C) Preventive maintenance
·
D) Reactive maintenance
·
Correct answer: C
79. What does Child
Friendly Schools Infrastructure Standard A require?
·
A) A school must have a healthy environment
·
B) A school must have appropriate, sufficient, and secure
buildings
·
C) A school must be barrier-free
·
D) A school must have adequate equipment
·
Correct answer: B
80. How often
should a physical verification of all school infrastructure be conducted?
·
A) Once a month
·
B) Once a term
·
C) Once a year
·
D) Every five years
·
Correct answer: C
81. Which of the
following is a constraint to effective management of physical facilities?
·
A) Abundant funding
·
B) Insufficient funding
·
C) Too many trained personnel
·
D) Excessive storage space
·
Correct answer: B
82. The Greening
Schools Programme in Rwanda is implemented by REMA in partnership with:
·
A) World Bank only
·
B) Ministry of Education and the districts
·
C) Private companies only
·
D) International NGOs only
·
Correct answer: B
83. What
characterizes the "emerging" stage of ICT development in schools?
·
A) Full integration of ICT across curriculum
·
B) Just starting ICT journey, exploring possibilities
·
C) ICT transforms learning and teaching
·
D) ICT embedded in school culture
·
Correct answer: B
84. When were the
Rwanda Education Quality Standards established?
·
A) 2005
·
B) 2007
·
C) 2008
·
D) 2010
·
Correct answer: C
85. An effective
inventory system should show:
·
A) Only the number of items
·
B) How all physical resources were acquired, registered,
utilized, maintained, and expended
·
C) Only the cost of items
·
D) Only the location of items
·
Correct answer: B
UNIT 6: KNOWLEDGE AND TIME
MANAGEMENT (Questions 86-92)
86. What is the
definition of "knowledge" in organizational contexts?
·
A) Raw facts and figures
·
B) Ordered and interpreted data
·
C) Information made useful to make decisions
·
D) Technology systems
·
Correct answer: C
87. According to
the Time Management Matrix, work that is urgent AND important should be:
·
A) Done first
·
B) Planned for later
·
C) Delegated or deleted
·
D) Ignored
·
Correct answer: A
88. Work that is
important but NOT urgent should be:
·
A) Done immediately
·
B) Planned for and done as soon as possible
·
C) Delegated or deleted
·
D) Ignored
·
Correct answer: B
89. Work that is
urgent but NOT important should be:
·
A) Done first
·
B) Planned for later
·
C) Delegated or deleted
·
D) Done immediately
·
Correct answer: C
90. In effective
meetings, what is a "parking lot"?
·
A) A place to park cars
·
B) A place to place discussions that don't evolve to a solution
for later revisiting
·
C) The meeting agenda
·
D) The list of attendees
·
Correct answer: B
91. Which of the
following is a tip for effective time management?
·
A) Multitask constantly
·
B) Plan your work with checklists or to-do lists
·
C) Never take breaks
·
D) Do all work yourself without delegating
·
Correct answer: B
92. To make the
transition easier when staff leave the school, what is most important?
·
A) More money
·
B) Good knowledge management
·
C) More staff
·
D) Better buildings
·
Correct answer: B
UNIT 7: USING ICT FOR
EFFECTIVE SCHOOL LEADERSHIP (Questions 93-100)
93. What is the
focus of Strategic Objective 3 of the Rwanda ICT in Education Policy (2016)?
·
A) Increasing ICT penetration
·
B) Developing education leadership and teachers' capacity in and
through ICT
·
C) ICT infrastructure
·
D) Online services for higher education
·
Correct answer: B
94. Who remains key
to the successful integration of ICT in education?
·
A) Expensive equipment
·
B) Teachers
·
C) High-speed internet
·
D) Many computers
·
Correct answer: B
95. What does
"flipping the classroom" mean?
·
A) Moving furniture around
·
B) Students watch lectures or read materials before class and
use class time for problem-solving
·
C) Having class outside
·
D) Changing subjects every day
·
Correct answer: B
96. What are the
four stages of ICT development in schools?
·
A) Starting, Developing, Growing, Mature
·
B) Basic, Intermediate, Advanced, Expert
·
C) Emerging, Applying, Infusing, Transforming
·
D) Planning, Doing, Checking, Acting
·
Correct answer: C
97. What are Open
Education Resources (OER)?
·
A) Digital materials that must always be purchased
·
B) Digital education materials with an open license allowing
free distribution (with attribution)
·
C) Materials that cannot be modified
·
D) Resources only for university students
·
Correct answer: B
98. According to
Steve Jobs, the most important thing in education is:
·
A) Computers and technology
·
B) A person who incites curiosity
·
C) Internet access
·
D) Expensive software
·
Correct answer: B
99. What is the
purpose of Student Support Technician Clubs (SSTCs)?
·
A) To replace teachers
·
B) To involve students in routine maintenance of school
computers
·
C) To teach sports
·
D) To raise funds only
·
Correct answer: B
100. What is the
role of technology in education according to the module?
·
A) The solution to all educational problems
·
B) A tool that cannot fix a bad educational vision or compensate
for bad practice
·
C) A replacement for good teachers
·
D) The most important factor in education
·
Correct answer: B
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